Compare And Contrast Social Class In 16th Century England

â€Å"Social class refers to a group of people within a society who possess roughly the same socioeconomic status.† (â€Å"Social Class†) Social class plays a major role in a society. A person’s social class affects his/her education, respectability, and ability to get a job. Most people in America’s society are born into their social class, but it is easier now to move up than it was in 16th century England. Although there are some slight differences in these two social classes, the social classes of 16th century England are shockingly similar to the social classes of modern day America. Specifically, the six social classes during the 16th century in England were Monarchy, Nobility, Gentry,†¦show more content†¦As for laborers, they were the lowest class in society (McKinney). This class was made up of beggars, artisans, carpenter, shoemakers, and brick masons (McKinney). Although the work that laborers did was an important piece in the society of 16th century England, they weren’t respected as if they accomplished anything (McKinney). As a result of these social classes, different ranks had designated attire that was regulated by Parliament (â€Å"Elizabethan Era†). Sumptuary laws regulated how extravagantly people of the various classes could dress (â€Å"Daily Life†). The wealthier classes indulged in meat while the lower classes ate eggs, bread, and dairy (â€Å"Daily Life†). None of the classes drank water due to impurity (â€Å"Daily Life†). Instead, they drank wine, flat beer, or weak ale (â€Å"Daily Life†). In the lower class, families were seen as working units (â€Å"Daily Life†). The son usually took after the father’s career (â€Å"Daily Life†). Wealthier families had enough money to pay servants to do work for them (â€Å"Daily Life†). These servants lived with the family (â€Å"Daily Life†). Quite similarly, the five levels of social class in the United States from highest to lowest are Top Fifth, Upper Middle, Lower Middle, and Bottom Fifth (â€Å"Class Matters†). Four commonly used factors to determine a person’s position in society are education, income, occupation, and wealth (â€Å"Class Matters†). Programs are implemented by the governmentShow MoreRelatedEssay Reveiw4144 Words   |  17 PagesAP Essay Review 17th Century Affairs 1. How did the disintegration of the medieval church and the coming of the Reformation contribute to the development of nation-states in Western Europe between 1450 and 1648? a. Thesis: Rise of absolutism came at the expense of the medieval church, absolutism laid the foundation for the modern-nation state. Supporting Info: (main body) 1. German princes: Luther’s Reformation = more power for princes. They have greater control of political affairs and nationalRead MoreAge of Enlightenment and Century5169 Words   |  21 Pagesintellectual and cultural tradition? 2. 81: Compare the ways in which two works of art reproduced below express the artistic, philosophical and cultural values of their times. (Pictures of Michelangelo s David and Giacometti s Man Pointing 1947). 3. 82: Compare and contrast the cultural values of the Enlightenment with those of the sixteenth century Northern Renaissance. 4. 84: Compare and contrast the views of Machiavelli and Rousseau on human natureRead MoreThe War Of Anti Semitism2169 Words   |  9 Pagesheld up as representative of that which we - with our 21st century sensibilities - have been educated to abhor and disavow. The hatred of man because of race, color or creed has, within the collective conscience been largely rejected. The fostering of a self-regulating society has engrained contemporary sensibilities through the policy of political correctness: a body politic of public consciousness that wasn’t apparent in 16th century England or anywhere else in the western world for that matter. AllRead MoreDifference between Economic Growth and Economic Development1187 Words   |  5 Pagesdifference between economic growth and economic development. Define extensive growth. Define intensive growth A) Economic growth is defined by increases in GDP. B) Whereas, economic development is more of a vague measure usually incorporating social measures such as literacy rates or life expectancy as a means of measuring a country s level of development. C) Extensive Growth, is based on the expansion of the quantity of inputs in order to increase the quantity of outputs D) IntensiveRead MoreQuestions for Ap Us History3870 Words   |  16 Pagespoison. It led to severe depopulation because the mothers would kill their child to save them from the Spaniards. Their overall population went from the thousands, to mere hundreds. Chapter 1: Columbus, the Indians, and Human Progress (pp. 2-22) 1. Compare the strategies and motives underlying the conquest of the Aztecs by Cortez and the conquest of the Incas by Pizzaro. Cortez tricked the Aztecs into believing he was their long lost God, Quetzalcoatl, into giving him mountains of gold and silver. PizzaroRead MoreThe Essential Questions5521 Words   |  23 Pagescounter-Renaissance, but the counter-Renaissance won the day. Rationalism and foundationalism of the modern period is a logical or direct outgrowth of the Renaissance, but in some important ways a reversal of the original Renaissance spirit. Compare and contrast the Northern Renaissance with the Mediterranean Renaissance? In some areas the Northern Renaissance was distinct from the Italian Renaissance in its centralization of political power. While Italy and Germany were dominated by independentRead MoreCompare and Contrast Japanese and Western Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific3853 Words   |  16 PagesCompare and Contrast Japanese and Western Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific 23 October 2013 at 18:10 The Japanese pursuit for an empire in South East Asia helped changed the balance of world power away from Europe, by taking their most lucrative colonies. Soon after the Japanese defeat in World War II, most of the colonies won their independence from their European masters. This essay will be arguing that despite the vast geographical distance and cultural, racial differences, as well as theRead MoreRetail Banking Industry6573 Words   |  27 PagesContents 1. Introduction 2 2. Industry Analysis 3 2.1 Industry Background 3 2.2 PEST (EL) analysis 4 2.2.1 Political 4 2.2.2 Economic 5 2.2.3 Social-Cultural 8 2.2.4 Technological 10 2.2.5 Environmental 11 2.2.6 Legal 11 2.3 Summary of the PESTEL analysis 11 3. Porter’s Five Forces on retail banking industry. 12 3.1 Rivalry among Existing Companies 13 3.2 Entry barrier 14 3.3 Supplier power 16 3.4 Buyer power 17 3.5 Availability of Substitute products 19 3.6Read MoreReceived Pronunciation: Historical Background and Application17580 Words   |  71 PagesConclusion Bibliography Introduction The term â€Å"Received Pronunciation† (RP) has in the course of this century come to designate-at least among linguists and EFL teachers-the British English style of pronunciation that carries the highest overt prestige. It’s generally agreed that it has long lost all associations with its regional origin (London and the south–east of England) and is now purely a class dialect or a sociolect. As such the term is often used synonymously with â€Å"Standard pronunciation† orRead MoreLiberal Perspective of a State7979 Words   |  32 Pagesnot openly profess a liberal ideological orientation. Liberalism encompasses several intellectual trends and traditions, but the dominant variants are classical liberalism, which became popular in the eighteenth century, and social liberalism, which became popular in the twentieth century. Liberalism first became a powerful force in the Age of Enlightenment, rejecting several foundational assumptions that dominated most of the earlier theories of government, such as hereditary status

Gender Inequality And Gender Equality - 1387 Words

The perspective gained from Women’s Studies made me understand gender as a social construct used to differentiate between the sexes. Even how gender-roles played a role in women’s absence in education and the workforce, this systematic exclusion still takes place in Iran and highlights the privilege some men have over women. Even a nation as rich and powerful as the United States, equal opportunities for women are still lacking, most notably, the wage gap inequality. AAUW’s article The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap, states that, on average women earned 80 percent of what men made in the same field. While the gap has narrowed since 1970’s, it is a testament to women’s progress in education and their sustained presence in the†¦show more content†¦Sexual harassment in the workplace is an issue women face in the international community. To that point, Hwangbo Yon a staff reporter for the Hankyoreh, published an article outlining the rampant sexual harassment facing women in South Korea. In his article, Yon detailed a situation a worker faced and the retaliation she faced. He wrote: Ms. Kim worked at a small company with 20 employees. In 2014, she suffered sexual harassment by an executive surnamed Nam who was trying to encourage participation in a game during a company workshop. Nam groped Kim’s wrist, sides, and other parts of her body. He had previously engaged in seeming acts of harassment on a routine basis, and Kim reported him to the police. [However, Kim] ended up having to leave the company. After she refused the company president’s request for her to â€Å"settle quietly† with Nam, the president put out an advertisement for her duties and cleared away her desk and office furnishings (Yon, 2016). According to Korea’s most recent Ministry of Gender Equality and Family’s survey of over 500 respondents, eight out of 10 workers experience sexual harassment and when faced with the harassment chose to tolerate it or take no action in response. The breakdown of the survey tells theShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality And Gender Equality1685 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender.† According to united nations population fund â€Å"gender equality is a human right. Men and Women are entitled to live with dignity and with freedom from want and from fear. Gender equality is also a precondition for advancing development and reducing poverty: Empowered women contribute to the health and productivity of whole families and communities, and they improve prospects for the next generation†Read MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality1667 Words   |  7 PagesGender inequality is the state in which access to rights or opportunities is affected by gender. Gender inequality is an issue not just nationally but globally. This issue is portrayed by the mistreating of individuals, mainly women, and not valuing everyone as one. This presentatio n will illustrate the exploration of gender equality, propose a solution and why that solution will produce a better future for a better world. Gender inequality is a very important issue common in our world today thatRead MoreGender Equality And Gender Inequality921 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the dictionary, the definition of gender equality is the state in which access to rights or opportunities is unaffected by gender. Gender inequality is happening, where women have less control over resources, less power than males, and fewer opportunities across social, economic, and political life. Gender inequality is happening because of women’s physical difference in education, work pay and job opportunities, family and culture, religion, and government. This is due to the stereotypicalRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality1725 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent shades of green, with copious amounts of peace and tranquility. Gender equality, however, is something that seems to be left out of the typical picture of the ‘perfect society’. It is ironic that in the nation where ‘all men are creat ed equal’, there are so many restricting gender roles woven intricately into society, and from those restrictions come discriminations based solely on the gender of another human being. Gender roles have been suffocating seven billion people since the beginningsRead MoreGender Equality And Gender Inequality979 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the past few decades, the gender inequality discourse have became a dominant feature of international, national and local policy debate on the subject of economic development. This policy concern has emerged as an area of scholarly research which seeks to show that improving gender equity leads to economic growth. Gender Inequality in Australia: According to the data published by Australian Bureau of Statistics in May 2015, the full time average earnings of women is $284.20 or 17.9%Read MoreGender Equality And Gender Inequality1255 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"You can’t do that because youre a girl†. When I was younger gender inequality would start with these certain statements that corrupted ladies and brought down their confidence into supposing they couldnt do certain things, since it was seen as a mens activity or wasnt sufficiently ladylike. Now that this is a worldwide issue our a nation has decided to pass a law were women and men are treated fairly in having equal opportunities, responsibilities and are equal regardless of their sex. ThisRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality1367 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Gender has and continues to be a contentious issue within the legal profession. Despite Anti-Discrimination legislation and diversification of the supply side, women still account for only one-fifth of Partner positions. So whilst the glass ceiling may have been shattered to an extent, the â€Å"pipeline to power remains elusive for most women†. Engagement with gender can assist in explaining this paradox. When coupled with consideration of other social classifications such as race andRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality1673 Words   |  7 Pages Gender inequality Women are one-half of the world population they deserve equal opportunity as men because at the end gender equality is part of humanity progress. Many women around the world are treated less favoured than men not only in countries that have traditional gender role but even in societies that believe in equal right for both male and female. Gender inequality means unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It results from differences in socially constructedRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagesabout gender equality. It isn t a reality yet. Today, women make up half of the U.S. workforce, but the average working woman earns only seventy-seven percent of what the average working man makes. But unless women and men both say this is unacceptable, things will not change† stated Grammy Award winner, Beyoncà © (Knowles-Carter 34). Although in the twenty-first century, women are still fighting for equality to simply b e paid the same amount as men. The main causes of this gender inequality includeRead MoreGender Equality And Gender Inequality2137 Words   |  9 PagesHistorically, women have always been seen as the subordinate gender. Considered weaker, more emotional, and less intelligent or capable than their male counterparts, women have been trying for decades to overcome adversity and get to a point where they can be taken seriously in a patriarchal world. Though progress has been made, there is still a long way to go until true gender equality is established. In America today, women are still predominantly seen in professions that have been traditionally

Marketing Strategy Free Essays

According to Shaw, Eric (2012). Marketing Strategy: From the Origin of the Concept to the Development of a Conceptual Framework. Journal of Historical Research in Marketing. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now , there is a framework for marketing strategies. Market introduction strategies â€Å"At introduction, the marketing strategist has two principle strategies to choose from: penetration or niche† (47). Market growth strategies â€Å"In the early growth stage, the marketing manager may choose from two additional strategic alternatives: segment expansion (Smith, Ansoff) or brand expansion (Borden, Ansoff, Kerin and Peterson, 1978)† (48). Market maturity strategies â€Å"In maturity, sales growth slows, stabilizes and starts to decline. In early maturity, it is common to employ a maintenance strategy (BCG), where the firm maintains or holds a stable marketing mix† (48). Market decline strategies At some point the decline in sales approaches and then begins to exceed costs. And not just accounting costs, there are hidden costs as well; as Kotler (1965, p. 109) observed: ‘No financial accounting can adequately convey all the hidden costs.’ At some point, with declining sales and rising costs, a harvesting strategy becomes unprofitable and a divesting strategy necessary† (49). Early marketing strategy concepts were: Borden’s â€Å"marketing mix† â€Å"In his classic Harvard Business Review (HBR) article of the marketing mix, Borden (1964) credits James Culliton in 1948 with describing the marketing  executive as a ‘decider’ and a ‘mixer of ingredients.’ This led Borden, in the early 1950s, to the insight that what this mixer of ingredients was deciding upon was a ‘marketing mix'† (34). Smith’s â€Å"differentiation and segmentation strategies† â€Å"In product differentiation, according to Smith (1956, p. 5), a firm tries ‘bending the will of demand to the will of supply.’ That is, distinguishing or differentiating some aspect(s) of its marketing mix from those of competitors, in a mass market or large segment, where customer preferences are relatively homogeneous (or heterogeneity is ignored, Hunt, 2011, p. 80), in an attempt to shift its aggregate demand curve to the left (greater quantity sold for a given price) and make it more inelastic (less amenable to substitutes). With segmentation, a firm recognizes that it faces multiple demand curves, because customer preferences are heterogeneous, and focuses on serving one or more specific target segments within the overall market† (35). Dean’s â€Å"skimming and penetration strategies† â€Å"With skimming, a firm introduces a product with a high price and after milking the least price sensitive segment, gradually reduces price, in a stepwise fashion, tapping effective demand at each price level. With penetration pricing a firm continues its initial low price from introduction to rapidly capture sales and market share, but with lower profit margins than skimming† (37). Forrester’s â€Å"product life cycle (PLC)† â€Å"The PLC does not offer marketing strategies, per se; rather it provides an overarching framework from which to choose among various strategic alternatives† (38). There are also corporate strategy concepts like: Andrews’ â€Å"SWOT analysis† â€Å"Although widely used in marketing strategy, SWOT (also known as TOWS) Analysis originated in corporate strategy. The SWOT concept, if not the acronym, is the work of Kenneth R. Andrews who is credited with writing the text portion of the classic: Business Policy: Text and Cases (Learned et  al., 1965)† (41). Ansoff’s â€Å"growth strategies† â€Å"The most well-known, and least often attributed, aspect of Igor Ansoff’s Growth Strategies in the marketing literature is the term ‘product-market.’ The product-market concept results from Ansoff juxtaposing new and existing products with new and existing markets in a two by two matrix† (41-42). Porter’s â€Å"generic strategies† Porter generic strategies – strategy on the dimensions of strategic scope and strategic strength. Strategic scope refers to the market penetration while strategic strength refers to the firm’s sustainable competitive advantage. The generic strategy framework (porter 1984) comprises two alternatives each with two alternative scopes. These are Differentiation and low-cost leadership each with a dimension of Focus-broad or narrow. ** Product differentiation ** Cost leadership ** Market segmentation * Innovation strategies — This deals with the firm’s rate of the new product development and business model innovation. It asks whether the company is on the cutting edge of technology and business innovation. There are three types: ** Pioneers ** Close followers ** Late followers * Growth strategies — In this scheme we ask the question, â€Å"How should the firm grow?†. There are a number of different ways of answering that question, but the most common gives four answers: Horizontal integration Vertical integration Diversification Intensification These ways of growth are termed as organic growth. Horizontal growth is whereby a firm grows towards acquiring other businesses that are in the same line of business for example a clothing retail outlet acquiring a food outlet. The two are in the retail establishments and their integration lead to expansion. Vertical integration can be forward or backward. Forward integration is whereby a firm grows towards its customers for example a food manufacturing firm acquiring a food outlet. Backward integration is whereby a firm grows towards its source of supply for example a food outlet  acquiring a food manufacturing outlet. A more detailed scheme uses the categoriesMiles, Raymond (2003). Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4840-3.: Prospector Analyzer Defender Reactor Marketing warfare strategies – This scheme draws parallels between marketing strategies and military strategies. BCG’s â€Å"growth-share portfolio matrix† â€Å"Based on his work with experience curves (that also provides the rationale for Porter’s low cost leadership strategy), the growth-share matrix was originally created by Bruce D. Henderson, CEO of the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) in 1968 (according to BCG history). Throughout the 1970s, Henderson expanded upon the concept in a series of short (one to three page) articles in the BCG newsletter titled Perspectives (Henderson, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1976a, b). Tremendously popular among large multi-product firms, the BCG portfolio matrix was popularized in the marketing literature by Day (1977)† (45). Strategic models[edit] This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008) Marketing participants often employ strategic models and tools to analyze marketing decisions. When beginning a strategic analysis, the 3Cs can be employed to get a broad understanding of the strategic environment. An Ansoff Matrix is also often used to convey an organization’s strategic positioning of their marketing mix. The 4Ps can then be utilized to form a marketing plan to pursue a defined strategy. Marketing Mix Modeling is often used to simulate different strategic flexing go the 4Ps. Customer lifetime value models can help simulate long term effects of changing the 4Ps, e.g.; visualize the multi-year impact on acquisition, churn rate, and profitability of changes to pricing. However, 4Ps have been expanded to 7 or 8Ps to address the different nature of services. There are many companies especially those in the Consumer Package Goods (CPG) market that adopt the theory of running their business centered around Consumer, Shopper Retailer needs. Their Marketing departments spend quality time looking for â€Å"Growth Opportunities† in their categories by identifying relevant insights (both mindsets and behaviors) on their target Consumers, Shoppers and retail partners. These Growth Opportunities emerge from changes in market trends, segment dynamics changing and also internal brand or operational business challenges.The Marketing team can then prioritize these Growth Opportunities and begin to develop strategies to exploit the opportunities that could include new or adapted products, services as well as changes to the 7Ps. Real-life marketing[edit] Real-life marketing primarily revolves around the application of a great deal of common-sense; dealing with a limited number of factors, in an environment of imperfect information and limited resources complicated by uncertainty and tight timescales. Use of classical marketing techniques, in these circumstances, is inevitably partial and uneven. Thus, for example, many new products will emerge from irrational processes and the rational development process may be used (if at all) to screen out the worst non-runners. The design of the advertising, and the packaging, will be the output of the creative minds employed; which management will then screen, often by ‘gut-reaction’, to ensure that it is reasonable. For most of their time, marketing managers use intuition and experience to analyze and handle the complex, and unique, situations being faced; without easy reference to theory. This will often be ‘flying by the seat of the pants’, or ‘gut-reaction’; where the overall strategy, coupled with the knowledge of the customer which has been absorbed almost by a process of osmosis, will determine the quality of the marketing employed. This, almost  instinctive management, is what is sometimes called ‘coarse marketing’; to distinguish it from the refined, aesthetically pleasing, form favored by the theorists. An organization’s strategy that combines all of its marketing goals into one comprehensive plan. A good marketing strategy should be drawn from market research and focus on the right product mix in order to achieve the maximum profit potential and sustain the business. The marketing strategy is the foundation of a marketing plan. See also[edit] Business model Corporate anniversary Customer engagement Market segmentation Pricing strategies Right-time marketing How to cite Marketing Strategy, Essays Marketing Strategy Free Essays Market oriented strategic planning is described as the process of developing and sustaining a workable link between a company’s objectives, expertise and resources and the altering market opportunities (Kotler, P). Developing market strategies is a complex task, which requires deep study and analysis of the current market opportunities. The market world of today faces a new threat and opportunity, the Internet. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a threat for those who have still not utilized it for direct marketing of their products and services and an opportunity for those have initiated this step. Internet has facilitated sales and marketing of numerous products of different companies. However, the use of Internet to develop marketing channels has also be a reason for the decline of sales of brick and mortar retailers. This era is the era of speed, sophistication and ease. Today people find it more comfortable to order things via Internet. According to the situation in the provided material about a company whose product line is as competitive of that as the leader in the computer industry DELLTM Computers, the retailers should be satisfied with the answer that even though the company would introduce and use a system similar to the one used be Hewlett-Packard TM but it would not affect their share of the business as they would be provided with web orders that the company gets and the retailers would be responsible for their completion and shipment. This would earn them sales commissions according to a percentage that can be negotiated between the company and the retailers. And hence it would deprive them of their customers. The company should formulate and implement a system that is similar to the one used by Hewlett-Packard TM so it does not loose 60% person sales earned due to its retailers which if lost can be a great loss to the business of the company. This system would be equally beneficial for both the company and its retailers. Bibliography NSW Small business(2006)   Marketing Strategy. Retrieved on November 2nd 2006 Kotler, P. (2002). Marketing Management. Prentice Hall. Eleventh Edition. ISBN: 8120320832                                        How to cite Marketing Strategy, Essay examples

Information Systems - Case Study

Question: Read the case study Success to Succession. Identify the importance of wetware costs. Identify an organisation implementing an Accounting Information System. Discuss the relevance of wetware costs to the implementation in the organisation you have identified. Draw some conclusions. Answer: Importance of Wetware Costs The increased awareness and importance is being given to the wetware costs and the basically provided priority is meant by the exploration of the solutions. These solutions are essential in order to identify, diminish and conquer the chilling effects that can be observed on the IT markets. From an early example, many of the problems related to the software issues were solved by the way of hardwiring solutions into the CPU. Also, it is acknowledged that many of the wetware solutions have been designed by the way of the changes made to the hardware and software. In this case, an instance can be given by relating the aspect of plug-and-play. It helps to reduce the different compliances involved in the setup and installation of new hardware even in the tough conditions (Gelinas and Dull, 2008). Apart from the software and hardware, the contradictory term is known as wetware which similarly affects the success or failure of the entire IT system. The term that wetware came from the fact that human brain is filled with 75% of water. Therefore, wetware refers to the human capital or personnel who can be considered as the developers, programmers, IT experts, system administrators and other employees. The contribution of them in the overall IT systems of the organization cannot be ignored. Based on this reason, every organization should need to give importance on the wetware costs in order to invest effectively into this portion as the different projects of the organization cannot be completed without the intervention of human activities and needs. Organisation Implementing an Accounting Information System An accounting information system is known as the system for collecting, storing and assessing the different types of accounting as well as financial data from the specific company, for the purpose of helping the management and business to take the effective decisions. With the conjunction of information technology resources, the computerized systems are used by the accounting information system in order progress the systematic activities and functions under the process (Gelinas, et al., 2004). Different types of accounting functions and their information from the business are tracked by that particular system in order to create the effective and statistical reports of the business. These reports are used by the internal parties like the management and also the external parties interested with the organization, like shareholders, creditors, investors, etc. The basic fact is the involvement of the physical devices and systems which are responsible for the operations of AIS. Based on the importance of the AIS, the implementation of the entire system is considered as of major importance for the organization. Some of the major organizations like Tycon International, Worldcom and Enron have been identified as they implemented the AIS and also have to face different scandals during the process of implementation. The implementation process of AIS should need to comply with the strong internal controls into their transaction-based systems (Laudon and Laudon, 2001). In this particular context, in 2002, the designing of Sarbanes-Oxley Act is being done. According to the act, the implemented organizations should need to produce the internal control report which will be responsible for the internal control structure of the organization and also outlines the effectiveness of those controls. Relevance of Wetware Costs to the Implementation All of the processes of the organization is being operated and function properly on the basis of the involvement of human capital and the effective contribution from the wetware. Therefore, the organization need to the make the effective valuation of the wetware resources involved with the particular process of the organization as, the relevant information related to that should need to be delivered to the management, investors, etc. Also, the relevant statistics and information should need to portray on the financial statements of the organization. In the process of implementing the AIS into the organizational structure of Enron, the effective contribution from the wetware is essential and based on that context an appropriate accounting system was utilized by the organization in order to acquire the proper estimation of the wetware costs in the overall implementation process (Romney and Steinbart, 2006). The relevance of wetware costs can be established by recognizing the level of i mportance given to the human assets. In order to build the shareholder values, the effective contribution of wetware is important. Thus, the intellectual power of the employees is given the utmost priority and considered as the important input in the process implementing the AIS to the company as identified. The whole process of implementation is based on the usage of technology and thus it is considered as the knowledge-related process. Considering this particular fact, the critical success of the entire procedure depends on the aspect of wetware and wetware costs. Moreover, the necessity of the wetware is observed during the maintenance and handling of the AIS and its effective outcomes (Simkin, et al., 2013). Therefore, the company should always need to make the proper allocation and measurement of the costs and values involved with the wetware. Conclusions The contributions, benefits and advantages of accounting information systems and wetware can be idolised from the effective portions portrayed in the above sections. In order to set up an effective accounting information system in a specific organization, it is important for the management and leaders of the organization to dedicate time to give priority and attention to the entire implementation and outcomes of the system in order to make it sustainable in terms of the particular business (Ward and Peppard, 2002). The implementation and functionality of the entire system vary by the nature and business operations of the organizations. In this case, the business must take the help of the consultant to make the process fast, safe and ensuring the successful results. In this case, the effective contribution from the wetware is considered as the significant aspect and the intending the primary preparation relating to its cost is also the major part of the whole implementation plan. Changing of workflow, cost allocation of the wetware, work habits, etc. is considered as the factors of huge importance when the organization switches to accounting information systems (Romney and Steinbart, 2006). Also, the compatibility and sustainability of the entire system is facilitated by the way of effective solution derived not only from the software or hardware, but also from the wetware. References Gelinas, U. and Dull, R. (2008).Accounting information systems. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. Gelinas, U., Sutton, S. and Hunton, J. (2004).Acquiring, developing, and implementing accounting information systems. Mason, Ohio: Thomson//South-Western. Laudon, K. and Laudon, J. (2001).Essentials of management information systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Romney, M. and Steinbart, P. (2006).Accounting information systems. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Simkin, M., Rose, J. and Norman, C. (2013).Accounting information systems. Singapore: Wiley. Ward, J. and Peppard, J. (2002).Strategic planning for information systems. Chichester, West Sussex, England: J. Wiley.

Management Accounting for Subsidiary of Pepsi- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theManagement Accounting for Subsidiary of Pepsi. Answer: Transfer pricing takes place when two companies of the same multinational group make a business deal for example an Australian based subsidiary of Pepsi buys something from a French based subsidiary of Pepsi. When these two companies establish particular price for the transaction, this is known as transfer pricing. Transfer pricing is neither illegal nor abusive, but what is illegal is mispricing or manipulation of price which is abusive transfer pricing.(Tax Justice, 2017). Transfer prices are inevitably needed when a business is divided into more than one department or divisions. Basically, services or products flow between the divisions and each report their performances separately. The accounting system records products or services leaving one division and entering another and some monetary value is added to record this. This monetary value is known as transfer price. In a Multinational company, transfer pricing is concentrated to fulfill only one single objective and that is minimize income taxation. The tax differences in different countries provide the multinational companies an opportunity to minimize tax payments. The company gets economic benefit by using transfer pricing where they shift profit from a country that has an unfavorable tax structure to the one which has a favorable and economically profitable tax structure. Although, there are many ways in which companies can shift profits to low tax countries but the most commonly used mode is internal or transfer price. The company achieves this by having an affiliate in low-tax location that charges high transfer prices for the products or services it sells to an affiliate in high-tax jurisdiction. Basically, it is inflating revenues where taxes are comparatively very low and costs where taxes are substantially very high. Transfer pricing is used as a potent weapon to evade income taxes. By using transfer pricing, the company minimizes its income taxes and correspondingly increases its total after tax profit. The other benefits of transfer price especially to Australia cannot be ignored. Australian economy is open with a floating exchange rate and this corporate tax deduction attracted foreign investments(Davies, Martin, Parenti, Toubal, 2015). Although, many tax departments across the globe consider this as an opportunistic behavior, but many tax authorities cry foul. Transfer pricing is the most important issue bothering the international tax departments. Thus, in order to increase the likelihood of companys paying their fair share of taxes in countries from where they operate the tax authorities have developed guidelines arms- length price transaction which are laid down by organization of economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In order to deal with transfer mispricing, Australian government is trying to deal it with arms length principle. The United Tax Committee and OECD have endorsed this principle and is being widely between governments as basis for bilateral treaties. Exposure draft (ED) law was released in 2012 to replace Australias transfer pricing rules. With these broad powers were given to Australian taxation office (ATO) that can levy penalty of at least 25% if the arms length conditions are not consistent and documentation does not meet the minimum requirements. The Public Officer has to ensure that all requirements are met and all conditions met before signing the income tax return. Although, there are challenges, but this new draft is designed to provide ATO sufficient powers to address transfer pricing issues(Ernst Young, 2012). References Davies, R., Martin, J., Parenti, M., Toubal, F. (2015, January 5). Knocking on tax havens door: Multinational firms and transfer pricing. Retrieved may 11, 2017, from Voxeu.org: https://voxeu.org/article/multinational-firms-and-transfer-pricing-new-evidence Ernst Young. (2012). Tax Alert -Major changes to Australian Transfer Pricing rules. Ernst Young. Tax Justice. (2017). Transfer Pricing. Retrieved may 11, 2017, from https://www.taxjustice.net/topics/corporate-tax/transfer-pricing/

To explain how the enthalpy change of neutralisation can be used to determine the relative strength of an unknown acid Essay Example

To explain how the enthalpy change of neutralisation can be used to determine the relative strength of an unknown acid Essay Monoprotic (monobasic): An acid that has only one acidic hydrogen atom in its molecules; common examples are hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3).Prediction and Scientific Background: Standard Molar Enthalpy of Neutralisation (/Hn,) is the enthalpy change per mole of water formed in the neutralisation of an acid by an alkali, (298K and 1 atm).* Unknown Acid (aq) + NaOH (aq) Salt (aq) + Water (l)* In aqueous solution, strong acids and bases are completely dissociated and Hneut is approximately equal to -57.9 kJ mol-1. This neutralization process corresponds to the reaction: H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l)* For weak acids, this enthalpy change is less exothermic because some input of energy is required to dissociate the acid. Therefore the Hneut of weak acids and bases is more positive than -57kJmol-1.Hydrochloric acid (strong acid): As HCl is a strong acid; it is a good proton donor, with near to complete dissociation in water. HCl (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq). Hence a strong acid completely dissociates into ions.Ethanoic acid (weak acid): As CH3COOH is a strong acid; it is a poor proton donor. The dissociation in the water is equilibrium, with the equilibrium position well to the left-hand side of the equation.CH3COOH (aq) H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq). For every 250 molecules of ethanoic acid, only 1 molecule dissociates and only a small proportion of the potential acidic power is released as H+. A weak acid only partially dissociates into ions.Strong Acids: When an acid dissolves in water, a proton (hydrogen ion) is transferred to a water molecule to produce a hydroxonium ion and a negative ion depending on what acid you are starting from. In the general case:These reactions are all reversible, but in some cases, the acid is so good at giving away hydrogen ions that we can think of the reaction as being one-way. The acid is virtually 100% ionised. For example, when hydrogen chloride dissolves in water to make hydrochloric acid, so little of the reverse reaction h appens that we can write:At any one time, virtually 100% of the hydrogen chloride will have reacted to produce hydroxonium ions and chloride ions. Hydrogen chloride is described as a strong acid. Thus, a strong acid is one which is virtually 100% ionised in solution. Other common strong acids include sulphuric acid and nitric acid.You may find the equation for the ionisation written in a simplified form:This shows the hydrogen chloride dissolved in the water splitting to give hydrogen ions in solution and chloride ions in solution. This version is often used in this work just to make things look easier. If you use it, remember that the water is actually involved, and that when you write H+(aq) what you really mean is a hydroxonium ion, H3O+.Weak Acids: A weak acid is one, which does not ionise fully when it is dissolved in water. Ethanoic acid is a typical weak acid. It reacts with water to produce hydroxonium ions and ethanoate ions, but the back reaction is more successful than th e forward one. The ions react very easily to reform the acid and the water.At any one time, only about 1% of the ethanoic acid molecules have converted into ions. The rest remain as simple ethanoic acid molecules. Most organic acids are weak. Hydrogen fluoride (dissolving in water to produce hydrofluoric acid) is also a weak inorganic acid.Apparatus:* 3 100cm3 beakers* 50cm3 burette* Coffee cup calorimeter: This is a simple, inexpensive device used in many general chemistry labs. It is made of two nested and capped cups made of Styrofoam; making it a very good insulator. When a reaction occurs in such a calorimeter, minimal heat is lost to the surroundings. It the reaction involves heat, for example, nearly all the heat stays within the solution in the calorimeter, where it causes an easily measured temperature increase. In the calculations involving a coffee cup calorimeter, the negligible heat absorbed by the Styrofoam will have to be ignored. This works acceptably well when the maximum temperature is reached soon after the reaction is initiated.* Glass rod* Stand and clamp* Stopwatch* ThermometerProcedure: A watch glass will be placed on an electronic balance to provide an accurate reading of its weight; this reading however is not required and may create a series of problems. Therefore to deal with this, the balance will be set to zero, so that it would not record the weight of the watch glass and consequently would only record the weight of the given solute. The white anhydrous solute, of the unknown acid will slowly be placed onto the watch glass with a spatula, so that the reading would accurately match the specified amount required: -RMM = 135Moles = 1.00MGrams (1 litre) = 135 x 1.00= 135gGrams (50cm3) = 135 ? 20= 6.75gNext a measuring cylinder will be filled with an accurate 50cm3 of distilled water. The unknown acid solute will then be poured into a clean 100cm3 beaker (labelled U). Subsequently the distilled water will be gently poured into the bea ker, making sure that any remaining solute on the watch glass will be rinsed gently into the beaker. To ensure the solute had fully dissolved, a thin glass rod could be used to grind and mix any large residual pieces this would ensure that results were not inaccurate, as the acid would be prepared incorrectly.A 100cm3 beaker (labelled NaOH) will be filled with approximately 75cm3 of sodium hydroxide (1.00M). A burette will be rinsed off with approximately 10cm3 of the sodium hydroxide, which will then be run into the sink. This consequently guarantees that each solution will not become diluted by excess water, or otherwise cause inaccurate results to arise due to the addition of any foreign chemicals from previous experiments. Moreover the beakers will be labelled according to their content, so the different colourless solutions can be clearly identified; reducing the probability of mistakes, which may cause serious problems and/or queries to arise.A stand and clamp will be acquire d to which the burette will be placed vertically. The sodium hydroxide must be steadily poured into the burette until the meniscus of the solution is in line with the measurement 0 making sure the measurements and results are as precise as possible. Subsequently the hydroxide will be run into a clean coffee cup, making sure that practically 50cm3 is contained within this calorimeter. An appropriate calorimeter for the investigation will be plastic cup, as it would sufficiently limit the amount of heat loss during the chemical reaction of neutralisation, as the material acts as an insulator, thus providing more reliable and accurate results leading to a defined inference. Afterwards the burette will be firstly rinsed off with tap water and then with approximately 10cm3 of unknown acid, which will consequently be run into the sink (to remove any excess sodium hydroxide).Similarly the unknown acid will be steadily poured into the burette until the meniscus of the solution is in line w ith the measurement 0. Then 50cm3 of the sodium hydroxide will be run into a clean 100cm3 glass beaker. At this point, two comparable thermometers will be used to test the temperature of each solution for 3 minutes; a stopwatch will be used to record the temperature (used effectively to gain accurate recordings) at 0.5-minute intervals (every 30 seconds). When the temperature is efficiently recorded the unknown acid will be added to the sodium hydroxide. Afterwards a lid consisting of a small hole (in the centre) will immediately be placed securely on the cup to ensure a minimal amount of heat is lost (due to evaporation or convection), however in this gap of approximately 10-20 seconds a significant amount of heat could be lost or gained thus causing a change (major or minor) that may result in inaccurate recordings developing. When the initial drop of the acid will be applied to the sodium hydroxide the thermometer (that fits through the specific hole) will be used to stir the mix ture and additionally record the temperature of the mixture, with the aid of the stopwatch at regular 0.5-minute intervals (every 30 seconds) for a period of five minutes. This experiment will be repeated a further two times and due to this a mean value can be obtained for the temperature change.Safety procedures: Safety glasses and gloves will be worn for health and safety reasons, and therefore as the chemicals are hazardous a risk assessment has been constructed in order to reduce the possibility of accidents or future problems. When chemicals have been used they must be sealed to confine any toxic gases being released. Furthermore chemicals may have to be placed within a fume cupboard to rid of any noxious fumes. Below is a risk assessment concerning the chemicals used within the investigation, along with information regarding potential dangers, as well as precautions that may need to be executed when dealing with an unknown acid:Chemical and Structural FormulaRisk AssessmentTox icologyAction (Personal Protection)Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)Harmful/IrritantVery corrosive and causes severe burns. May cause serious permanent eye damage. Very harmful by ingestion. Harmful by skin contact or by inhalation of dust.Safety glasses, Neoprene or PVC gloves, adequate ventilation.Unknown AcidCould be harmful, an Irritant, highly flammable or even toxicCould causes burns, be toxic by inhalation, ingestion and through skin absorption. Could be probable human carcinogen. Could cause damage to kidneys. Could cause allergic reactions. Could cause sensitisation. Could cause heritable genetic damage. Could be very destructive to mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract as well as eyes and skin.Safety glasses, Neoprene or PVC gloves, adequate ventilation.Calculations: A concentration of 1.00M NaOH and 1.00M of the unknown acid will be used within the experiment as it provides a simple 1:1 ratio enabling calculations to be constructed without difficulty, thus limiting errors in th e analysis. Furthermore these moderately dilute concentrations are able to safely and appropriately handled under standard conditions.Results Table: Temperatures will be measured to the one decimal place. 0 will be the temperature of the reactants (NaOH and unknown acid).Time (minutes 1d.p.)0.00.51.01.52.02.53.04.04.55.0Temperature (oC 1d.p.)In order to demonstrate how the molar enthalpy change of neutralisation would be calculated, temperatures and numerical values could be practically invented, but the molarity and volumes will remain the same.Results: When 50cm3 of 1.00M NaOH at 25.5oC was added to 50cm3 of the 1.00M unknown acid at 25.5oC; in the coffee cup calorimeter, the temperature increased to a 32.4 oCAssumptions:* Because solutions are relatively dilute, it can be assumed that their specific heat capacities are close to that of water, 4.18 J/g/oC* The density of the solutions = 1.0 g/cm3 (actual density of NaOH at 25oC is 1.04 g/cm3)* There are no heat lost to the coffe e cup itself or to the surrounding air* The acid is completely neutralised* Heat evolved = Amount of Substance x Specific Heat Capacity x Temperature ChangeQ = mcTAnalysis: Two particular factors have to be calculated the systems heat capacity and the temperature change.Specific Heat = Heat Capacity/ Mass (g)By rearranging the formula: Heat capacity = Mass (g) x Specific HeatThe mass in this equation refers to the total grams of the combined solutions, but volumes are known. So the densities have to be used to calculate mass.Density = Mass/VolumeSolution: Because the densities for the solution are both 1.00 g/cm3 the cm3 are numerically the same as the grams of the solutions. Each solution mixed has a mass of 50.0g, therefore its total mass = 100.0g. We can now calculate the heat capacity of the final solution at the instant of mixing and immediately before any reaction occurs to increase its temperature. For this solution, the specific heat is 4.18 J/g/oC, so:Heat Capacity = Mass x Specific Heat= 100.0g x 4.18 J/g/oC= 418 J/oCThus the heat capacity of the solution in the calorimeter is 418 J/oC. The reaction increases the systems temperature by t = 32.4 25.5oC = 6.9 oC, so the energy evolved by the reactions can be calculated from:Heat Capacity x t = Heat Energy (Evolved)orHeat Evolved = 418 J/oC x 6.9 oC= 2.9 x 103 JThe temperature change will be obtained from a graph similar to thisNote: Four graphs will be drawn, three to display the individual temperature change for each experiment and another graph to illustrate the mean temperature change. The graphs will bare similarity to this:This is the heat for the specific mixture prepared, but joules per mole of unknown acid are required. To calculate the number of moles of the unknown acid the equation: Molarity (M) = Moles Solute1000cm3 SolutionThe molarity of the acid is 1.00M, so in 50cm3 of the unknown acid solution is 0.0500mol.50.0cm3 of the unknown acid x 1.00 mol = 0.005mol1000cm3The neutralisation of 0.0500mol of acid released 2.9 x 103 J. So, the heat released is:Energy Evolved = 2.9 x 103 J = 58 x 103 J/mol = -58 kJ/mol (exothermic)0.0500molEnthalpy: The term used for the total energy of a system when it is at constant pressure is called the enthalpy of the system, symbolised by H. Enthalpy is a state function so when a system reacts at constant pressure and absorbs or evolves energy, it experiences an enthalpy change, H, defined by:H = H final H initialH final is the enthalpy of the system in its final state and H initial is the enthalpy of the system in its initial state. H is a state function. Its value depends solely on the difference between the initial and final states and not on the mechanism by which the system undergoes this change. For a chemical reaction, the initial state refers to the reactants and the final state to the products, so for a chemical reaction the equation for H can be rewritten as follows: H = H products H reactantsIf a change is exothermic, the s ystem loses heat and its final enthalpy must be less than its initial enthalpy.Thus: H finalH initialTo calculate H from H final and H initial, larger number would have to be subtracted from one that is smaller, so the value of H for all exothermic changes is negative.Requirements: To make sure measurements, observations and recordings are reliable the experiment will be repeated to ensure measurements were precise and as accurate as possible, and therefore due to this each experiment did not provide any anomalous results. To guarantee accuracy, the glassware was washed out with water after each time of use and then dried, to prevent any foreign ions entering the solution, as it may have altered the results. However a significant limiting factor to the experiment is apparatus percentage error, which consequently affects the reliability of results, as volumes were not prepared precisely:Percentage Error of Burette = ? 0.1 x 10050.0Therefore Overall Apparatus Percentage Error = 0.2 x 2 (as the burette was used twice)= 0.4%By adding the apparatus percentage error to the result gained from each acid, it may provide an enhanced understanding of supplementary inaccuracies and faults within the experiments.Due to these results, it is evident that further discrepancies occurred within the experiments in addition to the apparatus percentage error. A possible example was that solutions were made up inaccurately, or not made to the precise concentration of 1M. In addition, as the experiment was done in a class room there were constant alterations in the light intensity, temperature, pressure and chemicals (such as oxygen) in the atmosphere resulting in an increase or decrease in chemical reactions, therefore it was difficult to make this experiment completely accurate. Thus, in order to improve this factor the experiment could be performed in a vacuum, or under calculated standard conditions a pressure of 100kPa, a temperature of 298K (25oC), and by using solutions of c oncentration 1 mol dm-3.

Reaction Paper Divergent Essay Example

Reaction Paper Divergent Essay Example Reaction Paper Divergent Paper Reaction Paper Divergent Paper Divergent is an interesting movie, a typical science fiction action film that is totally entertaining. The movie starts with the narration of the main character Beatrice Prior, and from her narration I already have a conclusion that it will be a good film. In her narration, she discusses the kind of society they have which is divided into five factions. I was fascinated with the idea of having these five factions, each with its own unique characteristic portrayed in the film. The factions are presented through their different functions in the society, the lifestyle they have especially their manner of dressing, the beliefs that they hold on to, and the different culture that they have which we give emphasis on our paper. However, somehow contradict the statement of Beatrice saying that she does not belong in any Of the five faction for she is a Divergent- has more than one faction. For me, Beatrice is lucky to be a Divergent for it proves that she has more than one ability than becoming factionists. But she did make a choice to be part of one of the faction which is the Dauntless, the protector. I like the determination that she shows in order arrive the training and keep being a part of the Dauntless group. All in all, the movie was great. The characters are good as well as the graphics especially the battle part. The film also left some lessons which I think is very useful to many of the teenagers who are also confused in their state of life. One of which is Fear does not weaken you, it awakes you. After watching the movie, I began thinking of what faction do I want to belong with, and its the Amity group, Ive always wanted to be the scholar ones and because like color blue, and with these thinking realized how influential the movie is.